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BACKGROUND: Children with specific language impairment experience story comprehension deficits. Research with typically developing children, poor comprehenders and poor readers has shown that the use of mental imagery aids in the comprehension of stories. AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program in the use of mental imagery to improve the literal and inferential comprehension of children with specific language impairment. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Nine children with specific language impairment were trained to produce mental images for sentences and stories in five 30-min sessions. Their ability to answer literal and inferential questions about short narratives was assessed pre- and post-intervention and compared with the performance of 16 same-age typically developing controls. OUTCOME AND RESULTS: The intervention improved the question-answering performance of the children with specific language impairment for both literal and inferential questions: the improvement was only significant for the literal questions. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that a relatively short intervention in the use of mental imagery is an effective way to boost the story comprehension of children with specific language impairment.